Methods and apparatus for multi-carrier communication systems with adaptive transmission and feedback

ABSTRACT

An arrangement is disclosed where in a multi-carrier communication system, the modulation scheme, coding attributes, training pilots, and signal power may be adjusted to adapt to channel conditions in order to maximize the overall system capacity and spectral efficiency without wasting radio resources or compromising error probability performance, etc.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/094,286, filed Nov. 10, 2020, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/126,896, filed Sep. 10, 2018, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 10,834,706 on Nov. 10, 2020, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/082,878, filed Mar. 28, 2016, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 10,075,941 on Sep. 11, 2018, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/539,917, filed Nov. 12, 2014, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,301,296 on Mar. 29, 2016, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/246,677, filed on Sep. 27, 2011, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/755,313, filed on Apr. 6, 2010, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,027,367 on Sep. 27, 2011, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/583,529, filed on May 10, 2007, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,693,032 on Apr. 6, 2010, which is a National Stage Entry of PCT/US2005/004601, filed on Feb. 14, 2005, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/544,521, filed on Feb. 13, 2004, which is/are incorporated by reference as if fully set forth. This application also relates to PCT Application No. PCT/US05/03518 titled “Methods and Apparatus for Overlaying Multi-Carrier and Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Signals in a Broadband Wireless Communication System,” filed Jan. 27, 2005, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/540,032 filed Jan. 29, 2004 and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/540,586 filed Jan. 30, 2004, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND

Adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) has been used in wireless systems to improve spectral efficiency in a fading environment where signal quality varies significantly. By adjusting the modulation and coding scheme (MCS) in accordance with the varying signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), reliable communication link can be maintained between communicating devices. For example, in CDMA2000 1×EV-DO system, twelve different modulation/coding schemes are provided. AMC is also used in CDMA2000 1×EV-DV and 3GPP HSDPA systems.

To improve performance, in addition to the MCS, other system functions such as channel estimation, transmission power control (TPC), and subchannel configuration can be adjusted in accordance with the state of the communication channel. For example, channel estimation typically utilizes training symbols or pilot data, which are known to both the transmitter and the receiver. For coherent modulation, the channel information can be extracted at the receiver by comparing the pilots and their corresponding received versions. For non-coherent modulation, the received samples of the pilots are used as reference for the detection of the transmitted data.

Channel estimation is an important part of multi-carrier (MC) communication systems such as Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems. In conventional OFDM systems, such as IEEE802.11a, 802.11g, 802.16, or DVB-T system, pilots are transmitted for channel estimation. The pilots are fixed and form part of other functions such as MCS, TPC, and subchannel configuration in some wireless systems.

Fast TPC can compensate for fast fading. In a multi-cell multiple-access system, TPC is also used to reduce intra-cell and inter-cell interference and to conserve battery life for the mobile station by transmitting with only necessary power. TPC is one of many functions in some wireless systems, along with MCS, pilot attributes, subchannel configuration, etc.

The subchannel configuration is normally defined and fixed in an operation, and it is usually not considered an adjustable function of the system to be adapted to the user profile and/or operational environment.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a representative cellular communication system.

FIG. 2 is a basic structure of a multi-carrier signal in the frequency domain, made up of subcarriers.

FIG. 3 depicts a radio resource divided into small units in both frequency and time domains: subchannels and time slots.

FIG. 4 is an illustration of a control process between Device A and Device B, each of which can be a part of a base station and a mobile station depicted in FIG. 1.

FIG. 5 illustrates a joint adaptation process at a transmitter of an OFDM system which controls coding, modulation, training pilot pattern, and transmission power for a subchannel.

FIG. 6 is an illustration of a control messaging associated with data transmission between communication devices.

FIG. 7 illustrates two different training pilot patterns plotted for a multi-carrier system.

FIG. 8 illustrates a power control in AMCTP scheme for an OFDM system.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Methods and apparatus for adaptive transmission of wireless communication signals are described, where MCS (modulation and coding scheme), coding rates, training pilot patterns, TPC (transmission power control) levels, and subchannel configurations are jointly adjusted to adapt to the channel conditions. This adaptation maximizes the overall system capacity and spectral efficiency without wasting radio resources or compromising error probability performance.

Furthermore, the subchannel composition is designed to be configurable so that it can be adjusted statically or dynamically according to the user profiles or environmental conditions. The methods for obtaining the channel information and for transmitting the control information in the joint adaptation scheme are also described below, such as feedback of channel condition and indexing of the joint scheme, along with methods for reducing the overhead of messaging.

The mentioned multi-carrier system can be of any special format such as OFDM, or Multi-Carrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) and can be applied to downlink, uplink, or both, where the duplexing technique is either Time Division Duplexing (TDD) or Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD).

The apparatus and methods are described with respect to various embodiments and provide specific details for a thorough understanding and enablement. One skilled in the art will understand that the invention may be practiced without such details. In some instances well-known structures and functions are not shown or described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the description of the embodiments.

Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, throughout the description and the claims, the words “comprise,” “comprising,” and the like are to be construed in an inclusive sense as opposed to an exclusive or exhaustive sense; that is to say, in the sense of “including, but not limited to.” Words using the singular or plural number also include the plural or singular number respectively. Additionally, the words “herein,” “above,” “below” and words of similar import, when used in this application, shall refer to this application as a whole and not to any particular portions of this application. When the claims use the word “or” in reference to a list of two or more items, that word covers all of the following interpretations of the word: any of the items in the list, all of the items in the list and any combination of the items in the list.

The content of this description is applicable to a communication system with multiple transmitters and multiple receivers. For example, in a wireless network, there are a number of base stations, each of which provides coverage to its designated area, typically called a cell. Within each cell, there are mobile stations. FIG. 1 illustrates a communication system that is representative of such a system, where Base Station 110 is communicating with Mobile Stations 101 and 102 in Sector A of its cell site while Base Station 120 is communicating with Mobile Stations 103, 104, and 105 in Sector B of its cell site.

A multi-carrier multiple-access system is a special case of general communication systems and hereinafter is employed as a representative communication system to describe the embodiments of the invention.

Multi-Carrier Communication System

The physical media resource (e.g., radio or cable) in a multi-carrier communication system can be divided in both the frequency and the time domains. This canonical division provides a high flexibility and fine granularity for resource sharing.

The basic structure of a multi-carrier signal in the frequency domain is made up of subcarriers. Within a particular spectral band or channel, there are a fixed number of subcarriers, and there are three types of subcarriers:

-   -   1. Data subcarriers, which carry information data;     -   2. Pilot subcarriers, whose phases and amplitudes are         predetermined and made known to all receivers and which are used         for assisting system functions such as estimation of system         parameters; and     -   3. Silent subcarriers, which have no energy and are used for         guard bands and DC carrier.

The data subcarriers can be arranged into groups called subchannels to support scalability and multiple-access. The carriers forming one subchannel are not necessarily adjacent to each other. Each user may use part or all of the subchannels. The concept is illustrated in FIG. 2, which is the basic structure of a multi-carrier signal in the frequency domain, made up of subcarriers. Data subcarriers can be grouped into subchannels in a specified manner. The pilot subcarriers are also distributed over the entire channel in a specified manner.

The basic structure of a multi-carrier signal in the time domain is made up of time slots to support multiple-access. The resource division in both the frequency and time domains is depicted in FIG. 3, which is the radio resource divided into small units in both the frequency and time domains (subchannels and time slots). The basic structure of a multi-carrier signal in the time domain is made up of time slots.

Adaptive Transmission and Feedback

The underlying principles of adaptive transmission and feedback are both to increase the degree of freedom of a transmission process and to supply information for the adaptation process of a communication system. The adaptation process adjusts the allocated modulation schemes, coding rates, pilot patterns, power levels, spatial processing schemes, subchannel configurations, etc. in accordance with the transmission channel state and condition, for improving system performance and/or capacity.

Below, AMCTP (adaptive modulation, coding, training and power control) is used as a general term, where its variations can be applied to appropriate applications. There are different adaptive transmission schemes that are subsets of the AMCTP scheme, such as AMCT (adaptive modulation, coding and training), AMTP (adaptive modulation, training, and power control), AMT (adaptive modulation and training), and so forth.

FIG. 4 is an illustration of the control process between Device A and Device B, each of which can be a part of a base station and a mobile station depicted in FIG. 1, during adaptive transmission. The transmitter 401 of Device A transmits data 402 and associated control information 404 to Device B, based on an output of the adaptation process 406. After a receiver 408 of Device B receives the transmitted data 402 and control information 404, a measurement process 410 of Device B measures a channel conditions and feeds a channel quality information (CQI) 412 back to Device A.

The granularity of AMCTP schemes in a multi-carrier system can be user-based, where one or multiple subchannels may be used, or the granularity can be subchannel-based, where a subchannel may contain one or more subcarriers. Likewise, the granularity of CQI can be user- or subchannel-based. Both AMCTP and CQI may change over time and may differ from one time slot to another.

FIG. 5 illustrates a joint adaptation process at a transmitter of an OFDM system which employs separate processing block to control the coding 502, modulation 504, training pilot pattern 506, and transmission power for a subchannel 508. Each block may be implemented combined or separately in circuitry, in dedicated processors, in a digital signal processor, as a microprocessor implemented subroutine, etc.

FIG. 6 is an illustration of control messaging associated with the data transmission between communication devices, such as Device A and B in FIG. 4. In FIG. 6 the AMCTP indicator 602 is associated with data transmission 604 on a forward link from the transmitter to the receiver, and CQI 606 is associated with the information feedback from the receiver to the transmitter on a return channel.

In a system where AMCTP is used, the transmitter relies on the CQI to select an appropriate AMCTP scheme for transmitting the next packet, or retransmitting a previously failed packet, required in an automatic repeat request (ARQ) process. The CQI is a function of one or more of the following: received signal strength; average SINR; variance in time; frequency or space; measured bit error rate (BER); frame error rate (FER); or mean square error (MSE). Channel conditions hereinafter are referred to as one or more of the following, for a user or a subchannel: signal level, noise level, interference level, SINR, fading channel characteristics (Doppler frequency, delay spread, etc.), or channel profile in time or frequency domain. The detection of the channel condition can be at the transmitter, the receiver, or both.

An MCS in AMCTP is referred to as a modulation and error correction coding scheme used in the system. By matching an MCS to a specific channel condition (e.g., SINR level), a better throughput is achieved. Varying only the MCS is a sub-optimal approach since other factors such as training pilot patterns or subchannel compositions also impact system performance.

A pilot pattern includes the number of (training) pilot symbols, the location of the symbols in time/frequency/space, the amplitude and phase, and other attributes of these symbols. The system may use distinctive pilot patterns to suit different MCS and channel conditions. The pilot pattern requirements for a robust channel estimation vary with the SINR of the channel and the channel profile.

In a multi-carrier system, pilots are transmitted on certain positions in the time-frequency grid. FIG. 7 illustrates two of many different training pilot patterns that may be used, each plotted for a multi-carrier system, where the dark shaded time-frequency grids 702 are allocated as training pilot symbols. One criterion for choosing a pilot pattern is that the pilot assisted channel estimation should not be a bottleneck for the link performance, and that the pilot overhead should be kept to a minimum. The joined adaptation of training pilot pattern together with MCS is a more effective way of matching the channel conditions, and results in a better performance compared with a mere adaptation of MCS.

The power control information may include an absolute power level and/or a relative amount to increase or decrease the current power setting. In a multi-carrier system, the power levels of different subchannels are set differently such that minimum power is allocated to a subchannel to satisfy its performance requirements while minimizing interference to other users.

The power control can be user- or subchannel-based. FIG. 8 is an illustration of a power control in an OFDM system where digital variable gains 802 G1, G2 . . . GN are applied to subchannels 804 that may have different MCSs with different transmission power levels. Analog domain gain 806 Ga is used to control the total transmission power signal processes to meet the requirements of the transmission power of the device. In FIG. 8, after variable gains are applied to subchannels 804, they are inputted to the inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) module. The outputs from the IDFT are the time domain signals, which are converted from parallel to sequential signals after a cyclic prefix is added to them.

Table 1 is an example of a general AMCTP table (or CQI table). It should be noted that some pilot patterns in the table can be the same. The total number of indexes used to represent different combinations of the joint adaptation process can be different for AMCTP index and CQI index. For instance, it is not necessary to send absolute transmission power information to the receiver(s). Some AMCTP information, such as relative power control or code rate, can be embedded in the data transmission instead of being conveyed in the AMCTP index.

TABLE 1 An example of general AMCTP. Code Training Transmit Index Modulation Rate Pilot Power 1 QPSK  1/16 Pattern 1 + 2 QPSK 1/8 Pattern 2 + 3 QPSK 1/4 Pattern 3 + 4 QPSK 1/2 Pattern 4 + 5 QPSK 1/2 Pattern 5 + 6 16QAM 1/2 Pattern 6 + 7 16QAM 1/2 Pattern 7 + 8 16QAM 3/4 Pattern 8 + 9 16QAM 3/4 Pattern 9 + 10 64QAM 2/3 Pattern 10 + 11 64QAM 5/6 Pattern 11 + 12 64QAM 5/6 Pattern 12 Max-1x 13 64QAM 5/6 Pattern 13 Max-2x 14 64QAM 5/6 Pattern 14 Max-3x

In a general AMCTP or CQI table, different training pilot patterns may be used for different modulations and code rates. However, even for the same modulation and coding, different patterns can be used to match different channel conditions. In order to make the table more efficient, more indexes can be allocated to the more frequently used scenarios. For example, several training pilot patterns can be allocated to the same MCS that is used more frequently, to achieve finer granularity and thus have a better match with different channel conditions.

Table 2 is a simple realization of the AMCTP index or the CQI index. In one embodiment, as shown in Table 2, the AMCTP and CQI index is Gray coded so that one bit error in the index makes the index shift to the adjacent index.

In some cases, a different number of pilot symbols is used for the same MCS. In one embodiment, to keep the packet size the same when the same MCS is used with a different number of pilot symbols, rate matching schemes such as repetition or puncturing is employed. For instance in Table 2, for Index 010 and Index 011, Pattern 3 has more pilot symbols compared to Pattern 2. The code rate of Index 010 is ½, which is punctured to 7/16 for Index 011 to accommodate the extra pilot symbols. In one embodiment, more significant bits in the CQI index are protected with stronger error protection code on the return channel.

TABLE 2 Another example of AMCTP or CQI table. Index Code Training Transmit (Gray coded) Modulation Rate Pilot Power 000 QPSK 1/4 Pattern 1 Max 010 QPSK 1/2 Pattern 2 Max 011 QPSK  7/16 Pattern 3 Max 001 16QAM 1/2 Pattern 2 Max 101 16QAM  7/16 Pattern 3 Max 111 64QAM 2/3 Pattern 2 Max 110 64QAM 5/6 Pattern 3 Max 100 64QAM 5/6 Pattern 3 Max-X

Other factors that can be used in the adaptation process include modulation constellation arrangements, transmitter antenna techniques, and subchannel configuration in a multi-carrier system.

For some modulation schemes such as 16QAM and 64QAM, how information bits are mapped to a symbol determines the modulation schemes' reliability. In one embodiment, constellation arrangement is adjusted in the adaptation process to achieve a better system performance, especially during retransmission in a hybrid ARQ process.

Some multiple antenna techniques, such as transmission diversity, are used to improve the transmission robustness against fading channel effects, whereas other multiple antenna techniques such as multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) schemes are used to improve transmission throughput in favorable channel conditions. In one embodiment of the adaptive transmissions the antenna technique used for a transmission is determined by the adaptation process.

In a multi-carrier multi-cell communication system, when all subcarriers in one subchannel are adjacent or close to each other, they are more likely to fall in the coherent bandwidth of a fading channel; thus they can be allocated to users that are either fixed in location or are move slowly. On the other hand, when subcarriers and/or subchannels that belong to one user are scattered in the frequency domain, it results in higher diversity gains for the fast moving users, and a better interference averaging effect.

Given the fact that different configurations of subchannel compositions are suitable for different scenarios or user profiles, subchannel configuration is included in the transmission adaptation process. In one embodiment, the subchannel configuration information is broadcast on the common forward control channel to all users such that each user is informed of its subchannel configuration.

In another embodiment, the subchannel configuration is adjusted according to deployment scenarios. For instance, when a base station is newly deployed with less interference, one form of subchannel configuration is used, and when more users join the network or more adjacent base stations are deployed, which results in stronger interference to the users in the system, a different subchannel configuration with better interference averaging effect is used.

The following paragraphs describe a method of transmitting the control message between the transmitter and receiver, when the AMCTP scheme is implemented. A forward control link is defined here as the transmission of the AMCTP indicator from the transmitter to the receiver, and a return control channel is defined as the transmission of CQI, as the feedback information, from the receiver to the transmitter, as shown in FIG. 4.

The AMCTP indicator on the forward link can be sent either separately or jointly. For instance, the power control information, training pilot pattern indicator, or antenna diversity scheme can be embedded in the data transmission. In another embodiment, AMCTP is transmitted on a separate control channel with stronger error protection.

One way for the transmitter to obtain CQI is to have it explicitly sent from the receiver to the transmitter based on channel condition measurements at the receiver during previous transmission(s). The CQI is then used by the transmitter to determine what AMCTP scheme to use for the next transmission. In one embodiment, CQI for one user is periodically updated on the return channel, even when there is no forward transmission targeted for that user. In this case the receiver measures the channel conditions from the common broadcast transmission or the data transmission targeted to other users.

In one embodiment, the transmitter or the receiver uses any of several known predictive algorithms to predict current or future channel conditions based on previous channel measurements. This is more effective for a fast fading environment where the past measurements may not match the current transmission closely, due to the fast channel variations. The output of the predictive algorithm is then used by the adaptation process to select the best possible scheme for the current transmission.

Another method to obtain CQI is through the transmission of a probing sequence from the receiver to the transmitter on the return channel. In one embodiment, in a multi-carrier communication system, a probing sequence is transmitted from the receiver to the transmitter using an overlay scheme where the probing sequence is overlaid to the data traffic without having negative impact on the data transmission performance. In this case the transmitter estimates the channel profile in the time and/or frequency domains based on the received probing sequence. This is especially effective for TDD systems due to the reciprocity of the channel conditions on forward and reverse channels.

The AMCTP indicator or CQI can be sent per user or per subchannel. In one embodiment if per subchannel feedback is employed, since the AMCTP and CQI information for the same users are highly correlated, first the source coding is employed to compress the CQI, and then the error correction coding is applied to the compressed CQI to provide sufficient error protection.

In another embodiment, in hybrid ARQ retransmission, the transmitter may not use the requested CQI for the retransmission, while it may use the requested CQI for a new packet transmission. Instead, in this embodiment, it selects an AMCTP scheme that is appropriate for the retransmission at the same power level as in the previous transmission(s), in order to reduce interference with other users.

It should be pointed out that the AMCTP index used for the transmission from the transmitter to the receiver may be different from the CQI that the receiver requested, because the transmitter may have other considerations such as quality of service (QoS) for different users, network traffic load, and power allocation limit.

The above detailed description of the embodiments of the invention is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed above or to the particular field of usage mentioned in this disclosure. While specific embodiments of, and examples for, the invention are described above for illustrative purposes, various equivalent modifications are possible within the scope of the invention, as those skilled in the relevant art will recognize. Also, the teachings of the invention provided herein can be applied to other systems, not necessarily the system described above. The elements and acts of the various embodiments described above can be combined to provide further embodiments.

All of the above patents and applications and other references, including any that may be listed in accompanying filing papers, are incorporated herein by reference. Aspects of the invention can be modified, if necessary, to employ the systems, functions, and concepts of the various references described above to provide yet further embodiments of the invention.

Changes can be made to the invention in light of the above “Detailed Description.” While the above description details certain embodiments of the invention and describes the best mode contemplated, no matter how detailed the above appears in text, the invention can be practiced in many ways. Therefore, implementation details may vary considerably while still being encompassed by the invention disclosed herein. As noted above, particular terminology used when describing certain features or aspects of the invention should not be taken to imply that the terminology is being redefined herein to be restricted to any specific characteristics, features, or aspects of the invention with which that terminology is associated.

In general, the terms used in the following claims should not be construed to limit the invention to the specific embodiments disclosed in the specification, unless the above Detailed Description section explicitly defines such terms. Accordingly, the actual scope of the invention encompasses not only the disclosed embodiments, but also all equivalent ways of practicing or implementing the invention under the claims.

While certain aspects of the invention are presented below in certain claim forms, the inventors contemplate the various aspects of the invention in any number of claim forms. Accordingly, the inventors reserve the right to add additional claims after filing the application to pursue such additional claim forms for other aspects of the invention. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A mobile station served by a base station using Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and utilizing time slots in a time domain and subchannels in a frequency domain, the mobile station comprising: a receiver configured to receive a first control message indicating a pilot pattern out of a set of pilot patterns including a first pilot pattern and a second pilot pattern, wherein the first pilot pattern and the second pilot pattern have pilots in a same number of OFDM symbols, and further wherein the second pilot pattern has pilots in more subcarriers than the first pilot pattern; and a transmitter configured to transmit channel quality information (CQI) to the base station; wherein the receiver is further configured to: receive, in response to the transmitted CQI and in response to the indicated pilot pattern being the first pilot pattern, downlink data having pilots inserted using the first pilot pattern for a first multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) stream; and receive, in response to the transmitted CQI and in response to the indicated pilot pattern being the second pilot pattern, downlink data having pilots inserted using the second pilot pattern for a second MIMO stream.
 2. The mobile station of claim 1, wherein: all pilots of the first pilot pattern are present in a same subset of subcarriers in a subset of OFDM symbols and no pilots of the first pilot pattern are present in at least another subset of OFDM symbols, wherein the subset of OFDM symbols is different than the another subset of OFDM symbols, and a first subset of pilots of the second pilot pattern are present in a same first subset of subcarriers in a first subset of OFDM symbols, wherein a second subset of pilots of the second pilot pattern are present in a same second subset of subcarriers in a second subset of OFDM symbols, wherein the first subset of subcarriers is different than the second subset of subcarriers, wherein the first subset of OFDM symbols is different than the second subset of OFDM symbols, and wherein no pilots of the second pilot pattern are present in at least some OFDM symbols.
 3. The mobile station of claim 1, wherein: the first pilot pattern has a set of subcarriers that have pilots, wherein a same number of pilots are located in each subcarrier of the set of subcarriers, and wherein each pilot of the number of pilots in each subcarrier is located in a same OFDM symbol as other pilots of the number of pilots that are located in other subcarriers of the set of subcarriers; and the second pilot pattern has: a first set of pilots located in a first set of subcarriers and a first set of OFDM symbols; and a second set of pilots located in a second set of subcarriers and a second set of OFDM symbols; a same first number of pilots are located in each subcarrier of the first set of subcarriers, and wherein each pilot of the first number of pilots in each subcarrier of the first set of subcarriers is located in a same OFDM symbol as another pilot that is located in another subcarrier of the first set of subcarriers; a same second number of pilots are located in each subcarrier of the second set of subcarriers, and wherein each pilot of the second number of pilots in each subcarrier of the second set of subcarriers is located in a same OFDM symbol as another pilot that is located in another subcarrier of the second set of subcarrier; the first set of OFDM symbols are different than the second set of OFDM symbols; and each OFDM symbol of the first set of OFDM symbols is spaced apart from each OFDM symbol of the second set of OFDM symbols by at least one symbol in time.
 4. The mobile station of claim 1, wherein a location for each pilot is defined by a specific subcarrier and a specific OFDM symbol, and further wherein: the first pilot pattern has pilots located in a first set of subcarriers and a first set of OFDM symbols, wherein the pilots of the first pilot pattern are located at all combinations of each of the first set of subcarriers with each of the first set of OFDM symbols; and the second pilot pattern has pilots located in a second set of subcarriers and a second set of OFDM symbols, wherein the pilots of the second pilot pattern are located in a subset of all combinations of each of the second set of subcarriers with each of the second set of OFDM symbols.
 5. The mobile station of claim 4, wherein the first set of subcarriers consists of three non-adjacent subcarriers comprising a low subcarrier, middle subcarrier, and high subcarrier, wherein the middle subcarrier is separated from the high subcarrier and the low subcarrier by the same amount of subcarriers.
 6. The mobile station of claim 5 wherein the low subcarrier is the second lowest subcarrier available to the first pilot pattern.
 7. The mobile station of claim 4 wherein the first set of OFDM symbols includes a first OFDM symbol and a second OFDM symbol, where the first OFDM symbol and the second OFDM symbol are non-adjacent and separated from each other by a single OFDM symbol.
 8. The mobile station of claim 4 wherein the first OFDM symbol in time of the second set of OFDM symbols has pilots on three non-adjacent subcarriers that comprise a first subcarrier, a second subcarrier, and a third subcarrier, wherein the second subcarrier is separated from both the first subcarrier and the third subcarrier by three subcarriers.
 9. The mobile station of claim 8 wherein the second OFDM symbol in time of the second set of OFDM symbols has pilots on non-adjacent subcarriers, where the non-adjacent subcarriers of the second OFDM symbol do not overlap with the first subcarrier, second subcarrier, or third subcarrier used for pilots in the first OFDM symbol.
 10. The mobile station of claim 9 wherein the non-adjacent subcarriers of the second OFDM symbol comprise a first non-adjacent subcarrier and a second non-adjacent subcarrier, wherein: the first non-adjacent subcarrier of the second OFDM symbol is located between the first and second subcarriers used for pilots in the first OFDM symbol; and the second non-adjacent subcarrier of the second OFDM symbol is located between the third and second subcarriers used for pilots in the first OFDM symbol.
 11. The mobile station of claim 10 wherein: the first non-adjacent subcarrier of the second OFDM symbol is separated from the first and second subcarriers used for pilots in the first OFDM symbol by a single subcarrier; and the second non-adjacent subcarrier of the second OFDM symbol is separated from the third and second subcarriers used for pilots in the first OFDM symbol by a single subcarrier.
 12. The mobile station of claim 11 wherein the third OFDM symbol in time of the second set of OFDM symbols has a pilot on the second subcarrier used for pilots in the first OFDM symbol.
 13. The mobile station of claim 12 wherein the fourth OFDM symbol in time of the second set of OFDM symbols has the same amount of pilots as the second OFDM symbol and the pilots in the fourth OFDM symbol are located on the same subcarriers as the pilots in the second OFDM symbol.
 14. The mobile station of claim 13 wherein pilots of the second pilot pattern that are transmitted on the same subcarrier are spaced apart by three or more OFDM symbols.
 15. The mobile station of claim 1 wherein the CQI is provided on a subchannel basis.
 16. The mobile station of claim 1 wherein the received downlink data has a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) based on the transmitted CQI.
 17. The mobile station of claim 16 wherein a modulation of the MCS was selected from a set including QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM.
 18. The mobile station of claim 17 wherein each modulation in the set has a plurality of code rates and a code rate of the MCS was selected from the plurality of code rates for the modulation of the MCS.
 19. The mobile station of claim 1, wherein the pilot pattern specifies locations of pilots on a time-frequency grid, and wherein the time-frequency grid includes more OFDM symbols than subcarriers and the time-frequency grid includes at least 10 OFDM symbols and at least 9 subcarriers.
 20. A base station using Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and utilizing time slots in a time domain and subchannels in a frequency domain, the base station serving a mobile station and comprising: a transmitter configured to transmit a first control message to the mobile station indicating a pilot pattern out of a set of pilot patterns including a first pilot pattern and a second pilot pattern, wherein the first pilot pattern and the second pilot pattern have pilots in a same number of OFDM symbols, and further wherein the second pilot pattern has pilots in more subcarriers than the first pilot pattern; and a receiver configured to receive channel quality information (CQI) from the mobile station; wherein the transmitter is further configured to: transmit, in response to the received CQI and in response to the indicated pilot pattern being the first pilot pattern, downlink data having pilots inserted using the first pilot pattern for a first multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) stream; and transmit, in response to the received CQI and in response to the indicated pilot pattern being the second pilot pattern, downlink data having pilots inserted using the second pilot pattern for a second MIMO stream.
 21. The base station of claim 20, wherein: all pilots of the first pilot pattern are present in a same subset of subcarriers in a subset of OFDM symbols and no pilots of the first pilot pattern are present in at least another subset of OFDM symbols, wherein the subset of OFDM symbols is different than the another subset of OFDM symbols, and a first subset of pilots of the second pilot pattern are present in a same first subset of subcarriers in a first subset of OFDM symbols, wherein a second subset of pilots of the second pilot pattern are present in a same second subset of subcarriers in a second subset of OFDM symbols, wherein the first subset of subcarriers is different than the second subset of subcarriers, wherein the first subset of OFDM symbols is different than the second subset of OFDM symbols, and wherein no pilots of the second pilot pattern are present in at least some OFDM symbols.
 22. The base station of claim 20, wherein: the first pilot pattern has a set of subcarriers that have pilots, wherein a same number of pilots are located in each subcarrier of the set of subcarriers, and wherein each pilot of the number of pilots in each subcarrier is located in a same OFDM symbol as other pilots of the number of pilots that are located in other subcarriers of the set of subcarriers; and the second pilot pattern has: a first set of pilots located in a first set of subcarriers and a first set of OFDM symbols; and a second set of pilots located in a second set of subcarriers and a second set of OFDM symbols; a same first number of pilots are located in each subcarrier of the first set of subcarriers, and wherein each pilot of the first number of pilots in each subcarrier of the first set of subcarriers is located in a same OFDM symbol as another pilot that is located in another subcarrier of the first set of subcarriers; a same second number of pilots are located in each subcarrier of the second set of subcarriers, and wherein each pilot of the second number of pilots in each subcarrier of the second set of subcarriers is located in a same OFDM symbol as another pilot that is located in another subcarrier of the second set of subcarrier; the first set of OFDM symbols are different than the second set of OFDM symbols; and each OFDM symbol of the first set of OFDM symbols is spaced apart from each OFDM symbol of the second set of OFDM symbols by at least one symbol in time.
 23. The base station of claim 20, wherein a location for each pilot is defined by a specific subcarrier and a specific OFDM symbol, and further wherein: the first pilot pattern has pilots located in a first set of subcarriers and a first set of OFDM symbols, wherein the pilots of the first pilot pattern are located at all combinations of each of the first set of subcarriers with each of the first set of OFDM symbols; and the second pilot pattern has pilots located in a second set of subcarriers and a second set of OFDM symbols, wherein the pilots of the second pilot pattern are located in a subset of all combinations of each of the second set of subcarriers with each of the second set of OFDM symbols.
 24. The base station of claim 23, wherein the first set of subcarriers consists of three non-adjacent subcarriers comprising a low subcarrier, middle subcarrier, and high subcarrier, wherein the middle subcarrier is separated from the high subcarrier and the low subcarrier by the same amount of subcarriers.
 25. The base station of claim 24 wherein the low subcarrier is the second lowest subcarrier available to the first pilot pattern.
 26. The base station of claim 23 wherein the first set of OFDM symbols includes a first OFDM symbol and a second OFDM symbol, where the first OFDM symbol and the second OFDM symbol are non-adjacent and separated from each other by a single OFDM symbol.
 27. The base station of claim 23 wherein the first OFDM symbol in time of the second set of OFDM symbols has pilots on three non-adjacent subcarriers that comprise a first subcarrier, a second subcarrier, and a third subcarrier, wherein the second subcarrier is separated from both the first subcarrier and the third subcarrier by three subcarriers.
 28. The base station of claim 27 wherein the second OFDM symbol in time of the second set of OFDM symbols has pilots on non-adjacent subcarriers, where the non-adjacent subcarriers of the second OFDM symbol do not overlap with the first subcarrier, second subcarrier, or third subcarrier used for pilots in the first OFDM symbol.
 29. The base station of claim 28 wherein the non-adjacent subcarriers of the second OFDM symbol comprise a first non-adjacent subcarrier and a second non-adjacent subcarrier, wherein: the first non-adjacent subcarrier of the second OFDM symbol is located between the first and second subcarriers used for pilots in the first OFDM symbol; and the second non-adjacent subcarrier of the second OFDM symbol is located between the third and second subcarriers used for pilots in the first OFDM symbol.
 30. The base station of claim 29 wherein: the first non-adjacent subcarrier of the second OFDM symbol is separated from the first and second subcarriers used for pilots in the first OFDM symbol by a single subcarrier; and the second non-adjacent subcarrier of the second OFDM symbol is separated from the third and second subcarriers used for pilots in the first OFDM symbol by a single subcarrier.
 31. The base station of claim 30 wherein the third OFDM symbol in time of the second set of OFDM symbols has a pilot on the second subcarrier used for pilots in the first OFDM symbol.
 32. The base station of claim 31 wherein the fourth OFDM symbol in time of the second set of OFDM symbols has the same amount of pilots as the second OFDM symbol and the pilots in the fourth OFDM symbol are located on the same subcarriers as the pilots in the second OFDM symbol.
 33. The base station of claim 32 wherein pilots of the second pilot pattern that are transmitted on the same subcarrier are spaced apart by three or more OFDM symbols.
 34. The base station of claim 20 wherein the CQI is received on a subchannel basis.
 35. The base station of claim 20 wherein the transmitted downlink data has a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) based on the received CQI.
 36. The base station of claim 35 wherein a modulation of the MCS is selected from a set including QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM.
 37. The base station of claim 36 wherein each modulation in the set has a plurality of code rates and a code rate of the MCS is selected from the plurality of code rates for the modulation of the MCS.
 38. The base station of claim 20, wherein the pilot pattern specifies locations of pilots on a time-frequency grid, and wherein the time-frequency grid includes more OFDM symbols than subcarriers and the time-frequency grid includes at least 10 OFDM symbols and at least 9 subcarriers. 